This edition is written in English. However, there is a running Portuguese thesaurus at the bottom of each page for the more difficult English words highlighted in the text. There are many editions of Initiation into Philosophy. This edition would be useful if you would like to enrich your Portuguese-English vocabulary, whether for self-improvement or for preparation in advanced of college examinations. Webster's edition of this classic is organized to expose the reader to a maximum number of difficult and potentially ambiguous English words. Rare or idiosyncratic words and expressions are given lower priority compared to “difficult, yet commonly used” English words. Rather than supply a single translation, many words are translated for a variety of meanings in Portuguese, allowing readers to better grasp the ambiguity of English without using the notes as a pure translation crutch. Having the reader decipher a word's meaning within context serves to improve vocabulary retention and understanding. Each page covers words not already highlighted on previous pages. This edition is helpful to Portuguese-speaking students enrolled in an English Language Program (ELP), an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) program, an English as a Second Language Program (ESL), or in a TOEFL® or TOEIC® preparation program. Students who are actively building their vocabularies in Portuguese or English may also find this useful for Advanced Placement® (AP®) tests. TOEFL®, TOEIC®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. This book is one of a series of Webster's paperbacks that allows the reader to obtain more value from the experience of reading. Translations are from Webster's Online Dictionary, derived from a meta-analysis of public sources, cited on the site.

Webster's edition of this classic is organized to expose the reader to a maximum number of difficult and potentially ambiguous English words. Rare or idiosyncratic words and expressions are given lower priority compared to "difficult, yet commonly used" words. Rather than supply a single translation, many words are translated for a variety of meanings in Portuguese, allowing readers to better grasp the ambiguity of English, and avoid using the notes as a pure translation crutch. Having the reader decipher a word's meaning within context serves to improve vocabulary retention and understanding. Each page covers words not already highlighted on previous pages. If a difficult word is not translated on a page, chances are that it has been translated on a previous page.

• PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR1
• PART I ANTIQUITY2
• CHAPTER I BEFORE SOCRATES3
• CHAPTER II THE SOPHISTS8
• CHAPTER III SOCRATES11
• CHAPTER IV PLATO14
• CHAPTER V ARISTOTLE19
• CHAPTER VI VARIOUS SCHOOLS22
• CHAPTER VII EPICUREANISM26
• CHAPTER VIII STOICISM29
• CHAPTER IX ECLECTICS AND SCEPTICS32
• CHAPTER X NEOPLATONISM35
• CHAPTER XI CHRISTIANITY38
• PART II IN THE MIDDLE AGES47
• CHAPTER I FROM THE 5TH CENTURY TO THE 13TH48
• CHAPTER II THE 13TH CENTURY55
• CHAPTER III THE 14TH AND 15TH CENTURIES61
• CHAPTER IV THE 16TH CENTURY65
• PART III MODERN TIMES73
• CHAPTER I THE 17TH CENTURY74
• CHAPTER II CARTESIANS85
• CHAPTER III ENGLISH PHILOSOPHERS OF THE 17TH CENTURY96
• CHAPTER IV ENGLISH PHILOSOPHERS OF THE 18TH CENTURY99
• CHAPTER V FRENCH PHILOSOPHERS OF THE 18TH CENTURY103
• CHAPTER VI KANT106
• CHAPTER VII THE 19TH CENTURY: GERMANY113
• CHAPTER VIII THE 19TH CENTURY: ENGLAND122
• CHAPTER IX THE 19TH CENTURY: FRANCE124
• GLOSSARY131